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ObjectiveTo investigate the quality of disinfection in the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid sampling sites in Shanghai. MethodsSwab samples of medical staff’ hands and environments of different SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid sampling sites were collected from July to September 2022， with the total number of bacterial colonies cultured and counted. ResultsA total of 728 swab samples were collected from 69 sampling sites. The median total number of bacterial colonies on hand surface， object surface and air samples were 0 CFU·cm-2， 0 CFU·cm-2， and1 CFU·（petri dish∙5 min）-1， respectively， and P95 was 13 CFU·cm-2， 5.3 CFU·cm-2， and 17.8 CFU·（culture vessel∙5 min）-1， respectively. According to the GB 15982‒2012 Hygienic Standard for Disinfection in Hospitals class Ⅳ environment， 680 samples met the standard （93.4%）. Furthermore， 96.9%， 92.0%， and 92.2% of the samples in the sampling sites of tertiary/secondary hospitals， community health centers， and community convenience sampling sites met the standard， respectively. Quality of disinfection did not differ significantly across these sampling sites. ConclusionThe quality of disinfection in the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid sampling sites in Shanghai is generally good. Additionally， hand hygiene of medical staff and disinfection on object surface in some sampling sites need to be strengthened.
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ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the risk factors affecting the positive detection of Acinetobacter baumannii on the hands in medical staff of hospitals in Shanghai， and provide epidemiological evidence for the prevention and control of nosocomial infections. MethodsThe hands of doctors， nurses and care workers in key departments were sampled every quarter from 2018 to 2020 according toGB 15982‒2012 "Hospital Disinfection and Hygiene Standards". Separation and identification of A. baumannii were followed with sampling shortly. Information about the working years of sampling subjects， the hand sanitizers of which sampling subjects had used and the ingredients and actual using time of the hand sanitizers was collected while sampling. Finally， 709 samples were selected for this research after excluding the unqualified samples. ResultsThe positive detection of the hand samples was 7.05%. The logistic regression model suggested that the department， the time of using hand sanitizer， the hospital grade and occupational category were determinants of A. baumannii positive detection on hands in medical staff. The risk of A. baumannii positive detection in internal medicine department was 2.846 （95%CI：1.402‒5.776） times higher than that in intensive care unit while it was 3.357 （95%CI：1.349‒8.353） times higher in surgery department than that in intensive care unit. Regarding the use of hand sanitizer， the risk of A. baumannii positive detection was 3.076 （95%CI：1.534‒6.168） times higher in the staff used the hand sanitizer over 14 days than in the medical staff used the sanitizer within 14 days. The risk of A. baumannii positive detection in medical worker in secondary hospitals was 2.235（95%CI：1.088‒4.588）times than in tertiary hospitals. The risk of A. baumannii positive detection of care workers was 3.634 （95%CI：1.764‒7.484） times higher than nurses. ConclusionThe positive detection of hand samples was 7.05%. Department， the time of using hand sanitizer， the hospital grade and occupational category were determinants of A. baumannii positive detection on hands in medical staff. It was necessary to improve hand hygiene for medical staff， especially for care worker. Cleaning and disinfection need to be strengthened in internal department and surgery department.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between children's and their parents' lifestyles, household environmental exposures and risk of childhood acute leukemia (AL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A 1:2 matched case-control study of childhood AL was conducted in Shanghai between April 2011 and January 2014. The study enrolled 66 cases aged < 15, diagnosed with AL and 132 controls matched by age, gender and residence. All of the controls had no hematological diseases or previous history of malignancy. Children who had been adopted and had congenital genetic syndromes such as Down's syndrome or a positive HIV test result were not eligible as either cases or controls. Information was obtained from standardized face-to-face interviews of their parents/guardians with detailed questions on demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and household environment. Conditional logistic regression models were used to analyze effecting factors of childhood AL, odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 198 cases, 66 cases were aged (5.0 ± 3.7) years old, and 132 controls were aged (6.0 ± 3.8) years old (t = 0.48, P = 0.523). The paternal drink frequencies of cases and controls were 57.6% (38/66), and 31.1% (41/132), respectively (χ² = 4.91, P = 0.027). And the frequencies of household insecticides usage in the last year in the two groups were 78.8% (52/66), and 65.2% (86/132) (χ² = 3.87, P = 0.049). Chemical exposure during childhood (OR = 4.76, 95% CI: 1.34-16.89), maternal exposure to chemicals (OR = 4.51, 95% CI: 1.65-12.33), household insecticides use during 0-3 years of child (OR = 2.90, 95% CI: 1.31-6.39), and renovating after their children's birth (OR = 3.12, 95% CI: 1.26-7.74) were associated with an increased risk of childhood AL and these differences between the cases and the controls have statistical significance. Besides, we found that frequent contaction with other children during 0-3 years old (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15-0.69) and ventilation during sleeping in summer (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.18-0.98) were associated with a decreased risk of childhood AL.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results support the association between children's and their parents' lifestyles, household environmental exposures and childhood AL.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Acute Disease , Case-Control Studies , China , Environmental Exposure , Insecticides , Leukemia , Epidemiology , Life Style , Logistic Models , Maternal Exposure , Neoplasms , Odds Ratio , Parents , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the association between chemical exposure, DNA methylation status and gene-environment interactions in the development of childhood acute leukemia (AL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 1st 2009 to December 31st 2010, an exploratory case-control study was conducted on childhood AL among children who were less than 15 years of age in Shanghai, China. A total of 131 patients with newly diagnosed AL were recruited from 3 Shanghai children hospitals. The controls selected from the same hospital were healthy children who attended the physical check-up held by the department of Children's Healthcare, or who visited the clinic of developmental pediatrics or orthopedics (excluding blood diseases and malignant tumors). 140 controls matched with cases in gender and age were included in this study. Chemical exposure were investigated by questionnaires, methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) was adopted to analyze the methylation or deletion status of 8 genes, and gene-environment interactions were analyzed by relative excess risk of interaction (RERI), attributable proportion of interaction (API) and synergy index (S).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 131 and 140 subjects in case and control group, who were aged (6.9 ± 3.8) and (6.9 ± 3.9) years old (t = 0.01, P = 0.911), respectively. After adjusting age and other potential confounding factors, chemical substances' exposure of children/mother/father were all significantly higher in cases than that in controls (Children: OR = 3.90, 95% CI: 1.69-9.02; Mother: OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.12-6.52; Father: OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.05-3.47). For the 8 genes analyzed, the methylation status of DAPK and PTEN and P73 in case group were significantly higher than that in control group (cases: 3.1% (4 cases), 16.0% (21 cases), 7.6% (10 cases); controls: 0.7% (1 case), 2.9% (4 cases), 0.7% (1 case); χ²: 7.11, 16.90, 11.38; P value: 0.029, 0.000, 0.003). The methylation status of P16 in case group was significantly lower than that in control group (cases: 3.8% (5 cases); controls: 8.6% (12 cases), χ² = 10.33, P = 0.007). The interactions of children chemical substances' exposure and 3 genes' (PTEN, P16 and P73) methylation status were probably existed after adjusted for confounding factors (PTEN: RERI = -7.01, API = -2.14, S = 0.24; P16: RERI = 4.08, API = 0.53, S = 2.59; P73: RERI = 4.32, API = 0.48, S = 2.19), we also found the potential interaction between maternal chemical substances' exposure and PTEN, P16 gene methylation status (PTEN: RERI = -1.30, API = -0.38, S = 0.65; P16: RERI = 1.70, API = 0.38, S = 1.97).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study suggested the strong combined effects of chemical substances exposure of children and abnormal methylation status were risk factors of childhood AL, and there existed different interaction between them, which may indicate the important role in the pathogenesis process of childhood AL.</p>